Beyond its cooling effects, Endurablend will also seal and protect the asphalt surface from petroleum, salt and de-icing materials, and UV degradation. This measure is calculated from the TSR and TE. The areas we had already applied the LO/MIT-I were reading from 83 to 87 degrees. Duration Premium COOL Shingles are available nationally in four colors. Main Components:(This is an example and actual product formulations will vary) water, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, polyvinylidene fluoride resin, acrylic modifier, pigments. 100% Silicone Roof Coating. Find a GAF certified contractor near you. Types of Roof Coatings by Coating Material, Asphalt Cutback (Solvent-Based) Roof Coatings, Asphalt Emulsion (Water-Based) Roof Coatings, PUMA Roof Coatings (Polyurethane Modified Acrylic), PVDF Roof Coatings (Polyvinylidene Fluoride), SEBS Roof Coatings (styreneethylene butadienestyrene), Henry Pro Grade 988 Silicone White Roof Coating. Roofs Tax Credits. Often referred to as rubberized. For commercial type flat roofs see our solid colored rubber commercial roof coating Armor Roof Shield Roof Coatings. A white coating is simply a coating that is white. Tax Credit: 10% of cost up to $500 (NOT INCLUDING INSTALLATION) Copyright 2014 - 2023 Roof Online. Infrared radiation is a spectrum of light that generates significant amounts of heat on roof surfaces. Using solar reflective shingles and solar reflective roofing products that reflect ultraviolet and primarily infrared radiation will reduce damage caused by u/v and heat degradation. This product is designed for residential, asphalt shingle roofs with a pitch. The Solar Reflectance Index, or SRI, is a calculation using the aged solar reflectance and thermal emittance measurements of the asphalt shingles materials. Painting roof shingles in a bright, reflective color, like white, can give any home a new, attractive appearance and also reflect the heat from the sun, helping to keep cooling costs lower in the . Black Jack Elasto-Kool 1000, White Siliconized Elastomeric Coating is our top quality, highly flexible, white acrylic roof coating. 5These products are not available in all areas. Notes:May be difficult or impossible to find these days. Purchasing a new roof is one of the biggest decisions youll ever make for your home, so its important that its done right and that you have someone standing behind the work for years to come. If you spend more money and energy on cooling than heating, you can cut this summer's air conditioning bills by investing in a reflective roof coating. The more waves that are bounced back into the Saving your old asphalt shingled roof doesn't get any easier or better than this! Come as you are. Weve Rising temperatures stress ecosystems, intensify heatwaves, and exacerbate air pollution issues. This results directly in extended pavement quality and can reduce the frequency of maintenance. Solar reflective shingles and solar reflective roofing membranes can be an important component in a building system designed to reduce overall building energy consumption and the impact the home or building has on the environment. reflectance and thermal emittance properties that can help reduce a homes Gives asphalt roofing a reflective surface. This not only affects the surrounding environment, but it also threatens residents health and wellbeing. With our innovative surface treatments, you can rest assured that a snow plow will not damage the Endurablend installation. Please contact the factory for help with your project and use the form below for pricing inquiries. One important function of shingles is that they allow your attic to release heat and moisture up through the roof. If you are looking for the best roof sealant spray for your metal roof, this coating from Jetcoat is an ideal option. Sometimes logos and designs get damaged in spite of our best efforts, which is why we designed our spray so that it is easy to do touch-ups later on if they are needed. Air pollution impacts nearly every city worldwide. All Rights Reserved. At Polyglass, our asphaltic coatings are specially designed to address a wide range of roofing applications and challenges. Silicone coatings are relatively long-lasting. When other coatings give you a range of coverage from a low to a high area, you can rest assured that you will more than likely get the low end of coverage. Very compatible with steel roofing. Let the first coat dry for 3-4 hours and then apply the second coat. In an effort to combat the heat island effect, Pavement Surface Coatings has introduced special infrared solar reflective pigments into Endurablend. This could contribute to increased energy costs, as you may need to run cooling devices or central air systems more often or at lower temperatures to keep the inside of your home feeling comfortable. I recently used some reflective elastomeric-type coating with siliconizer on a flat roof. 2See GAF Shingle & Accessory Limited Warranty for complete coverage and restrictions. Highly reflective shingles that can help to reduce temperatures in your attic, and help save on air-conditioning costs. Applying clear roof coatings from the get-go makes it easy to miss spots. While there are many reflective roof coatings available, most require a thick film build for effectiveness. Typically composed of a heat-reflective materiallike treated asphalt shingles, tiles, or just a roof surface painted with a special, reflective pigmentcool roofs can be installed during a roofing replacement project or by retrofitting existing shingles using a cool roof coating. LO/MITis a silver-colored, non-thickness dependent, low emissivity paint, which may be used in almost anyapplication where infrared (heat) reflectivityor diffuse light reflectivity is required. What Is The Best Type Of Garage Flooring? Updated April 8, 2022. The differences can be considerable both . . Visit our Building Knowledge blog to read-up on the latest trends, innovations and news in building materials, construction and design. Reflective base granules and reflective surface coatings aid achievement of high solar reflectance. Aug 12, 2008. The type and style dictate the cool roofing material. Acrylic Coatings. Contractors! Easily applied. The Owens Corning Roofing Contractor Network rewards contractors for providing homeowners with a positive experience with our products. The aluminum retains heat more than elastomeric coatings. Acrylic roof coatings typically have the shortest useful life of all the most common types of roof coatings. rounded up a few of our experts to help explain why choosing COOL asphalt Multiple Sizes Available. Reflective treatments for paved surfaces like Endurablend can help reduce the duration and severity of heatwaves. Metal roofs can last up to 100 years, with installers providing 50-year warranties. of single-layer PSF roof installed on a low . Our highly reflective shingles can help to reduce temperatures in your attic, so your home will stay cooler in the summer to help save on air-conditioning costs.1According to the Cool Roof Rating Council, cool roofs may save homeowners an average of 715% on their total cooling costs.1 A cool roof minimizes the solar heat gain of a building by reflecting incoming sun rays and re-emitting the absorbed energy. We and our partners share information on your use of this website to help improve your experience. White coatings are generally considered cool or reflective. LO/MITs extremely low film build can be installed for a fraction of the cost of other, thicker, rooftop coatings. Whether youre embarking on a The manufacturers product data sheet will also provide coating application instructions (like whether reinforcement fabric is needed, coverage rate, etc. Reinforcement fabric is recommended for many applications, especially at flashings, angle changes, and joints between roof components or sections. Black Jack Silver-Seal 300 is a liquid applied, coating that forms a reflective and protective finish to roofs. A lower number shows less moisture can pass through it. . RoofSaver can also be used on clay, concrete and slate roof tiles, and protects against sun, rain, wind, ice and snow. Once it's dry, it turns crystal clear and will enhance the beauty of your shingled roof. If you live in an area with shorter summers and colder winters, cool roof coatings could actually increase your energy bills. Is a Roof Coating a Good Idea for Your Roof. Its bright white and makes a huge difference in temperature in the house. One gallon of this sealant will cover 50 to 70 square feet of . Here are some of the most popular cool roof coating product types available in the market: PUD hybrid cool roof coats: PUD hybrid coats are water-based and high solids containing both nano insulation and reflective pigments for optimal heat protection. depending on the roughness of surface 2nd COAT: 100-150 sq.ft./gal. Looking fora Pro? 10 Year White Siliconized Elastomeric Roof Coating. $389.00. Generally, only non-elastomeric coatings will be fibered, as the fibers reduce the elasticity of the material. They use asphalt-like resins and other materials mixed with aluminum flakes. Call our office at 616-844-5382 or contact us online today! Our office has a built up tar and gravel roof of approximately 2950 square feet. Successive rows of shingles are overlapped. Fix any broken or missing shingles. These are probably the most effective reflective coating for the majority of asphalt roofs. Protects against moisture penetration. LO/MIT-I roof coating applied to ballasted roof. Colors:White, gray, custom colors available. A reflective coating is any roof coating formulated to be highly reflective of the suns rays.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'roofonline_com-mobile-leaderboard-2','ezslot_23',887,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-roofonline_com-mobile-leaderboard-2-0'); Typical reflective coatings are white, aluminized, or include special reflective pigments in other colors. They can be colored, but generally are sold in white, tan, and grey. One of the most inexpensive types of coating. Owens Corning COOL asphalt roofing shingles meet various levels of COOL roofing requirements and are available in a great selection of colors that complement many homes exteriors*. One coating is white latex that you can apply over many common roofing materials, such as asphalt and fiberglass shingles, tar paper, and metal. Some types of coatings are subject to environmental and health restrictions. Stop your asphalt shingle roof leaks! The white-colored, reflective elastomeric coating used was obviously not suitable for asphalt shingle roofs. Used to re-coat and extend the life of asphalt roofs. Manufacturer's Newest Product Features 3M Sun-Reflective and Smog-Reducing Technologies ATLANTA (March 2, 2023) Atlas Roofing Corporation is excited to announce the addition of Pinnacle Sun shingles to its Pinnacle family of products. More expensive than aromatic polyurethane. In turn, this heats the air above and results in increased energy costs as well as adverse effects on residents health and air quality. It also makes the building more comfortable in hallways or other areas that may not be air conditioned. This wood shake-inspired, solar-reflective . BLACK JACK Elasto-Kool 700 4.75-Gallon White Elastomeric Reflective Roof Coating (7-year Limited Warranty). It is not meant for flat roof systems where ponding water can occur. Products for Steep Roofs (Pitch > 2:12) Asphalt shingles are composed of a fiberglass web coated with filled asphalt, or filled modified asphalt, which has been surfaced with colored ceramic-coated rock. Heating and air conditioning lead to different levels of humidity and temperature between the inside of the house and the outside air. The attraction of soy-based coatings is that a renewable resource, rather than petroleum, is being used to produce a portion of the material. ArmorGarage Inc. Miami, Florida Phone: 1-866-532-3979 (Mon-Fri 9:00-5:30 EST) Fax: 386-917-1938. Endurablend is virtually maintenance-free. Build Your Roof empowers you to select each layer and component that goes into your Total Protection Roofing System+ so that you get the roof you want to protect your home. Typically, COOL asphalt roofing shingles run toward the lighter hues: Many lighter tone products available throughout the U.S are designated with an ENERGY STAR label. He is also the editor of the Roof Online website. For owners/structures not meeting the above criteria, Lifetime coverage is not applicable. Heatwaves can create stagnant air which results in pollutants lingering for longer. Thanks to modern reflective technology, you can join the green revolution with Timberline CSShingles. When you buy Owens Corning roofing shingles, you can rest assured that our commitment to quality is of the highest importance. For residential homes, COOL roofing shingle use is most prevalent in California. Sitemap. All your CertainTeed roofing, siding, gypsum, ceilings and insulation information gathered in one convenient location. Were making it easy to find comparable CertainTeed products to get the job done right. For homeowner's seeking true peace of mind, Landmark Solaris is the high-quality, reliable choice for protecting your home from the elements. Light shingle colors naturally reflect more solar energy than darker colors. roofing shingles, even if not required, can have potential energy-saving Create distinction with a wide offering of accent and decorative trim products from both composite and vinyl product lines. By using our site, you agree to our use of cookies. LO/MIT is widely used as a reflective radiant barrier roof coating by some of America's largest roofing companies because of the following unique qualities: Low Applied Cost. Roof Coating; Reflective And Protective Coating; Use On Asphalt Roof Shingles/ Galvanized Steel/ Concrete/ Wood/ Polyurethane Foam And Bitumen Built Up Roofs (BUR); Non-Polluting And Non-Toxic; White; 1 Quart Heng's Industries USA, LLC is a premier manufacturer supplier of quality recreational vehicle and marine products. This will extend the roof's service life. Field testing and market acceptance Calls and texts may be initiated with automated technology. texture or appearance ask to see the actual product, available through a CertainTeed contractor or distributor. It was the 10 year warranty stuff thats $70/gallon. Many substrates wont. With 88% light reflectivity, the bright white finish reduces surface temperatures resulting in lowered cooling costs. Solvent based. How Do I Pick The Right Epoxy For My Floor? All polymeric coatings must be chosen and applied carefully, particularly on rough asphalt roofs. This energy is . By maintaining lower temperatures with Endurablends solar reflective coating, residents can save on energy costs to cool their homes in the summertime. Very long lasting. Save energy and look great at the same time. Exterior Applications of Radiant Barrier Roof Coating, Check out Solec Solar Energy Corporation on Yelp, Easily Applied Using Airless Spray or Rollers, One Thin Coat Covers 400 Square Feet Per Gallon Sprayed, Greatly Extends Roof Life and Warranty Performance, Extremely Flexible, Adheres to All Roofing Materials Including EPDM, Built-Up, Metal, Ballasted, etc, No Primer Necessary for Adhesion to Most Roofing Surfaces, One Operator Can Easily Install 1000 sq-ft/hr, Low e (Emissivity) Lessens Sweating on Metal Roofs, Controls heat expansion/contraction rates, reducing long-term stress on roofing materials, 100% Silicone Polymer, Extremely UV Resistant, May Be Easily Applied to Sidewalls and Loading Dock Doors, Temperature Tolerant From -100F (-73C) to 1000F (538C), Low Emissivity May Also Lower Heating Costs, Excellent Shelf Life, Premixed, Ready for Application, Excellent Alternative to Elastomeric Roof Coatings at Fraction of the Cost, All Packaging is Certified and Available for Export. Certified roof products reflect more of the sun's rays, which can lower roof surface temperature by up to 100F, decreasing the amount of heat transferred into your home. Demand in the short-term future will be restrained due to the high . If your home has asphalt shingles, a cool roof coating will actually void your roof's warranty. energy-efficienthome? Simply, they don't allow the beams to affect or increase the roof and interior temperature of the building. Here are my findings below with my thanks for a GREAT PRODUCT! Not surprisingly, the National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA) does not recommend any type of protective coating be applied to shingle roofs. Roof Online participates in the Amazon, Home Depot, and Roofle affiliate programs and may earn commissions from purchases made through links on our website. This blend of asphalt and aluminum forms a bright silver finish that reflects heat and UV rays. LO/MIT requires only 1 mil (0.001in) wet film thickness (coverage of 400sqft/gal when spray applied) and therefore can be installed at a fraction of the cost of other roof coatings in far less installation time. Unacceptable Substrates:Existing silicone coatings, gravel-surfaced built-up roofsif(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'roofonline_com-narrow-sky-2','ezslot_25',885,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-roofonline_com-narrow-sky-2-0'); Colors:White, tan, gray, various other colors, Handles Foot Traffic:Poor (some formulations perform better), Application Method:Brush, roller, or spray, Application Temperature:Above 50F (10C). Notes:Available fibered or non-fibered. Green roofs: An excellent option for flat and low-pitched roofs, a . 425-year StainGuard Plus Algae Protection Limited Warranty against blue-green algae discoloration is available only on products sold in packages bearing the StainGuard Plus logo. Read more about how to meet cool roofing code requirements in California. Typical reflective coatings are white, aluminized, or include special reflective pigments in other colors. Often referred to as a cutback coating, a solvent-based asphalt flat roof coating rests . 1. A coating of lime wash "can cost as little as 1.5 rupees (0.017; $0.02) per sq ft to more expensive reflective coatings or membranes", says Ms Jaiswal. Please visit ENERGY STARto learn more about the program or click here to see LO/MIT-Is ENERGY STAR rooftop certification. The coating is designed to seal leaks in shingles due to old age, to prevent further loss of the granules, to restore some of the faded color back to your shingles, to extend the useful life of your newer shingles and to preserve older shingles from further deterioration. Applying a roof coating to a shingled roof is simply a bad idea and goes against the recommendations of every reputableshingle manufacturer. to find deals near you! Can be used to adhere roll roofing/modified bitumen cap sheets when making repairs. Notes:PUMA coatings last much longer than typical acrylic coatings. Bituminous coatings useasphaltorcoal tar pitchas their main waterproofing component. The industrial partners have now manufactured more than 50 prototype cool shingles, 30 tiles and tile coatings, and 20 metal panel prototypes, including a cool black shingle 18 percent reflective, well above the 4-percent reflectance of conventional black shingles. benefits for your home. 2021 Pavement Surface Coatings. Federal tax benefits are available for partners and home owners for using energy star roofs. A roof plays a critical role for your home. BLACK JACK Elasto-Kool 700 White Elastomeric Coating is a quality, highly flexible, white acrylic latex roof coating. Each layer is a . The solar reflectance measurement ranges between 0.0 and 1.0, with 1.0 representing 100% reflectance with no absorption. Wide arrange of colors. Easily applied. In snowy and icy conditions, it becomes necessary to run a snow plow over concrete and asphalt surfaces in order to maintain safe conditions for motorists and pedestrians. This also lessens the burden on commercial HVAC systems and contributes to more sustainable energy management practices. cooling load on hot, sunny days. We never share your information. Tax Credit Amount: 10% of the cost, up to $500 (NOT INCLUDING INSTALLATION) Metallic coatings are rated at 55% reflectance, which is similar to the elastomeric coatings. This summer phenomenon is known as the , Why the Urban Heat Island Effect Needs to be Addressed in Cities, Pavement Coatings Play a Critical Role in Cooling Cities. As the world continues urbanizing, the need for heat control solutions will increase. Asphalt shingles must meet the following two specifications to qualify for ENERGY STAR certification: Note: these requirements alone do not ensure compliance with Energy Codes. Browse our solid colors and blended mixes to find the natural cedar appearance you want. BEST FOR FLAT ROOFS: Rubberseal Liquid Rubber Waterproofing . BUY ARMOR SHINGLE ROOF COATING. Thats changing radiation properties significantly in a simple operation. Notes:Susceptible to UV degradation, it is not acceptable as a roof surface coating by itself (see above). First things first, lets understand how a roof reacts to heat from the sun, and the impact this relationship has on the temperature inside your home and therefore on your energy bills. Most non-bituminous roof coatings are elastomeric. The resulting finish greatly increased the reflectivity of the roof and resulted in substantial roof temperature decreases. Reducing the amount of heat that the roof absorbs is one way to combat the problem. Cool asphalt roofing shingles are characterized by 3 key values: solar reflectance, thermal emittance, and solar reflectance index (SRI). A second coating is asphalt . Can be used when re-applying gravel to bare spots on gravel-surfaced roofs. First, asphalt is a granular material, similar to impacted sand. Weve seen it happen many, many times. Unacceptable Substrates:Gravel-surfaced roofing, existing silicone coatings. Visit our Privacy Policy to learn more or manage your personal preferences in our Cookie Consent Tool. Rust-Oleum 301903 10 Year Elastomeric Roof Coating white gal. The vast majority of the radiant heat gain in a building comes through the roof, however many structures can also benefit from having LO/MIT installed on sidewalls and garage doors. Choose a GAF Factory-Certified Roofing Contractor. The higher the value, the more heat the material emits. under the energy codes, it needs to have a Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) As we had mentioned before, the LO/MIT-I reduced the surface temperature of the goodyear black rubber roof by 50+ degrees. We use cookies to personalize and enhance your experience on our site. The working of solar reflective paints is simple: they are good reflectors of sunlight or UV rays. Call us at (866) 441-6648, Rain Screens: A New Way to Protect Your Home. The aluminum rises to the surface of the coating as it sets, creating a solid, reflective surface. Hire a roofer who is experienced with this type of coating. Armor Shingle Roof Coating provides a unique breathable shingle roof coating that allows moisture vapor to pass through the coat while remaining impervious to water penetration. This process of radiating previously absorbed heat is thermal emittance. Comes in the widest variety of colors. In California, homeowners have access to darker asphalt shingles that meet various COOL roof energy codes that are specific to the state. 22. Learn more about roof types and . LO/MIT-I is an ENERGY STAR certified radiant barrier roof coating that is formulated to reduce roofing surface temperatures at low cost. Main Components:Refined coal tar pitch, aromatic solvent, Fullers earth (or other stabilizer), Acceptable Substrates:Smooth-surfaced coal tar pitch built-up roofing, concrete, Unacceptable Substrates:Asphalt roofing, single-ply membranes, spray polyurethane foam, existing non-coal tar pitch coatings. Holding up to heavy traffic and extreme weather conditions. Most of the information was compiled from a wide assortment of manufacturers technical data sheets or material safety data sheets for actual coating products, and should be considered to be representative but not definitive. Conversely, a metal roof is often already coated with a heat-reflective property. Jack Gray is a principal roof consultant and vice president at theMoriarty Corporation, an award-winning building enclosure consultant firm founded in 1967. Presidential Shake Solaris in the color Autumn Blend can reflect up to 18 percent of the sun's energy. +Excludes non-Owens Corning roofing products such as flashing, fasteners, pipe boots and wood decking. 201 Fibered Black Asphalt Roof Coating - 4.75 Gallon Henry 201 fibered black roof coating is a Henry 201 fibered black roof coating is a premium cold-applied, brush or spray-grade asphalt coating in a solvent system. Ames Maximum-Stretch is a white, elastomeric, acrylic, rubberized roof coating & sealant with 650% elongation to resist cracking & peeling. Our roof was not pitched properly will the coating prevent leaks from happening? Before purchasing and applying a roof coating material, be sure to check whether a material is legal to use in your jurisdiction. This cool roof coating type is packed with micro-fibers that feature excellent crack . This energy is converted to heat, which results in hotter, more polluted cities, and higher energy costs. Typical roof coating dry film thickness vary from paint film thickness (plus or minus 0.075 mm (3 dry mils) to more than 1 mm (40 dry mils). The word Lifetime refers to the length of coverage provided by the GAF Shingle & Accessory Limited Warranty and means as long as the original individual owner(s) of a single-family detached residence [or the second owner(s) in certain circumstances] owns the property where the shingles are installed. Due to variation in computer monitors, mobile devices and printers, Rain resistant in 2 hours. Thanks to modern reflective technology, you can join the green revolution with Timberline CS Shingles. Reflective coatings over some non-reflective low-slope membranes, such as a built-up roof or field-applied bitumen rolled product Vegetative or garden roofs may also help meet energy-efficient building codes; however, it is rare to find these in residential re-roofing due to the cost and potential maintenance aspects of the system Each five gallon bucket covers 1250 sq ft. Most manufacturers offer a five-year warranty. A roof coating is a monolithic, fully adhered, fluid applied roofing membrane. Most polymeric coatings are available in white. In the case of a black EPDM roof, for instance, a reflective coating can reduce the normal afternoon temperature of the roof by up to 60F (34C). Some of this radiated heat is dispersed into the surrounding atmosphere. In many cases, asphalt roofing shingle manufacturers use a shingle's third-party certified aged SRI value to demonstrate compliance with cool roof energy codes . By enhancing the product with silicone, water resistance, adhesion and life expectancy are greatly increased. This is an important feature, many other products that are elastomerics will trap moisture that can damage your roof boards and beams. What is the main purpose of this coating? Main Components:(This is an example and actual product formulations will vary) polyoxypropylene glycol, cyclohexane, aliphatic hydrocarbon, titanium dioxide (or other prime pigment), hexamethylene diisocyanate, xylene, ethyl benzene, Acceptable Substrates:Spray polyurethane foam, EPDM, Hypalon, PVC, TPO, smooth-surfaced built-up roofing, metal, modified bitumen, concrete, Colors:White, gray, various other colors, Application Method:Brush, roller, spreader, or sprayer, Application Temperature:Above 40F (4.45C), below 100F (38C), and more than 5F (3C) above the dew point and rising. Perm Factor: The perm factor is the coating's resistance to moisture vapor passing through it. When you install any GAF Lifetime Shingle and at least 3 qualifying GAF accessories, you'll automatically get a Lifetime limited warranty on your shingles and all qualifying GAF accessories*. Performance: This RV roof whitening coating can cover 350 square feet per gallon at a single coat. GAF recommends getting at least 2 estimates. It is a penetrating type protective coating formulated to provide a tough, durable, weather-resistant film to protect existing . Typically, it's designed with the 1.2 x 1.2 x 1.2 inches volume, and the weight of the RV roof coating is 10.34 pounds. Extend your roof life up to 30 years. BLACK JACK. The aluminum rises to the surface of the coating as it sets, creating a solid, reflective surface. Although costs will vary greatly depending on location and local circumstances, cool roof coatings on a low-slope roof might cost $0.75-$1.50 per square foot, while single-ply cool roof membrane costs vary from $1.50-$3.00 per square foot. Can be applied with paint sprayer also. Reduces the roof surface temperature by 20-60 degrees. It will remain trapped in the sheathing, laying the groundwork for dry-rot and mold. These modifications are designed to: Asphalts temperature directly affects the air above.
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